Combining ideas inspired by ant colonies and flocks of birds may hold the key to unlocking more effective artificial ...

The heuristic function \(\eta_{ij} \left( t \right)\) was calculated based on the distance and angle from the current node to the target node. It makes path search more directional. A pheromone ...

Optimization techniques have become indispensable in modern engineering and scientific domains, playing a crucial role in enhancing system performance and resource utilization. By strategically ...